An Overview of the Bo Xilai/Wang Lijun Event
The public has recently been able to observe what is normally behind closed-doors factional infighting within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Bo Xilai, the head of the Communist Party in Chongqing, had been jockeying for a seat on the nine-member Politburo Standing Committee. He heard that the powerful Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) had launched an investigation of his long-time associate, the Chongqing Chief of Police, Wang Lijun. Believing that he might be the ultimate target, to protect himself, Bo went after Wang. On February 6, 2012, Wang, anticipating the worst, donned a disguise and entered the U.S. Consulate in Chengdu where he attempted to defect. Bo then sent seventy police cars from Chongqing to Chengdu to surround the Consulate. After spending over 24 hours there and sharing details of the CCP’s infighting with U.S. officials, Wang came out of the consulate and officials from Beijing, who had flown to Chengdu, took him away.
Bo Xilai was controversial in Chinese political circles for the “singing the ‘red’ and fighting the ‘black'” campaigns in Chongqing that he initiated on his own without the top leaders’ authorization. Bo started the “Singing the ‘red'” campaign in 2008 to organize people to sing songs popular in the Mao Zedong era, praising the Communist party. This campaign earned Bo warm supports from the leftists in China. In 2009, Bo started the “fighting the black” campaign. Wang Lijun was Bo’s right-hand man in the execution of the campaign. It claimed the goal of eradicating triads in Chongqing. While it created a lot of good publicity for Bo, it never earned him recognition from Hu Jintao or Wen Jiabao. There were also many concerns about whether the “black” people that they arrested were really the criminal element and also whether they received fair legal treatment. Some sources postulated that they were instead Bo’s political opponents or those whose wealth Bo simply confiscated.
Wang Lijun – Organ Harvesting [1]
On February 15, 2012, the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) published a report titled, “Investigative Report: China’s Public Security Bureau’s On-site Psychology Research Center Implicated in Live Organ Harvesting and Human Experimentation on Falun Gong Practitioners.” The report covered Wang Lijun’s involvement in harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners. It stated that “Wang Lijun founded the On-Site Psychology Research Center (OSPRC) on the subject of human organ transplant, and actively participated in human organ transplant,” especially against Falun Gong practitioners. The following are excerpts from the report. As the report quoted some original articles, Chinascope listed these original references as well.
After the Chinese Communist regime began the repression of Falun Gong practitioners on July 20, 1999, it is believed that former police chief Wang Lijun had been actively involved in the persecution. In districts under his jurisdiction, there were large numbers of severe persecution cases. This was especially so between May 2003 and June 2008, when Wang was the Chief of Police for Jinzhou City, as well as the director of the Public Security Bureau’s OSPRC. He is suspected of having played a major role in harvesting organs from live Falun Gong practitioners.
From May 2003 to June 2008, Wang was the chief and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Secretary of the Public Security Bureau of Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, and Deputy Mayor of Jinzhou City. Within one year as a chief at the Public Security Bureau of Jinzhou, he founded the OSPRC of the Public Security Bureau of Jin Zhou, and initiated research on human organ transplant. Although he took the post as the director of this research center, based on his resume on China’s official website, he did not have any training in this field.
On December 21, 2004, the Chinese Communist mouthpiece, China Central Television (CCTV), claimed in an interview (with Wang Lijun) that, “The OSPRC is the only research institution for the subject of on-site psychology in China’s police system.” [2] Wang Lijun himself described the situation as follows: “For a veteran policeman, to see someone executed and within minutes to see the transformation in which this person’s life was extended in the bodies of several other people, it was soul-stirring.” [3] Apparently, the words “on-site” can also be taken to mean the site of human organ transplantation.
On September 17, 2006, Wang Lijun and his OSPRC received awards for two “outstanding accomplishments.” One of them was the “Research on Organ Transplantation from Donors Who Have Been Subjected to Drug Injection (Translator’s note: from the context, drug injection actually means execution by lethal injection).” This research project received the Guanghua Innovation Special Contribution Award from the China Guanghua Science and Technology Foundation, and received a research grant of 2 million yuan (US$300,000).
China Guanghua Science and Technology Foundation praised the OSPRC for “conducting basic research and clinical trials to study how to resolve the challenging issue, which is that the organ transplant recipients are generally not very receptive to organs from donors injected with drugs. They have created a brand new protective fluid, which is used to provide a perfusion treatment for livers and kidneys previously subjected to drugs. After animal tests, in vitro experiments, and clinical trials, they have achieved an important milestone where, after such a treatment, the recipient’s body is able to accept the liver and kidney.” [4]
At the award ceremony for the “Guanghua Innovation Special Contribution Award,” Wang said in his acceptance speech, “The so-called ‘on-site research’ is the result of several thousand intensive on-site cases; it is the result of painstaking efforts from so many of us…” [5]
That is to say, within two short years of its founding, the OSPRC became the “scene” for several thousand organ transplant operations.
According to data from Amnesty International, between 2000 and 2005, the estimated number of those who received the death penalty in China was, on average, 1,616 people every year. In addition, with the restrictions of tissue type matching, cold ischemia time, regional, and timing restrictions of the execution, at most only 30% of the dead criminals could have been donors for organ transplantation.
According to the data from China’s official transplantation website, (transplantation.org.cn), in 2003, no Chinese citizen was willing to donate organs after death. With much effort, by 2006, only 22 families agreed that the organs of their deceased family members could be donated. Even if we add up the number who received the death penalty and the willing donors, the numbers remained very limited.
This fact therefore begs the question: Where did the OSPRC find several thousand organ donors?
According to globalrescue.hopto.org, a website dedicated to rescuing Falun Gong practitioners in detention, Jinzhou is one of the places where the persecution is most severe. After May 2003, when Wang took his post as chief of the Public Security Bureau of Jinzhou, a large number of Falun Gong practitioners “disappeared.” As of today, many of them are still missing. In his research center alone, there had been several thousand transplantation operations. Wang’s organization, the OSPRC, is suspected as a major player involved in live organ harvesting and human experimentation on Falun Gong practitioners.
(Editor’s Note： The WOIPFG report also published transcripts of some phone conversations that took place on May 22, 2006, when the WOIPFG investigator contacted the judicial organization under Wang Lijun’s supervision. The conversation, which was published in the WOIPFG report but omitted here, showed that the First Division of Criminal Law of the Intermediate People’s Court of Jinzhou provided organs from Falun Gong practitioners.)
In 2009, the WOIPFG published the testimony of a person who said he witnessed organ harvesting from live Falun Gong practitioners. This person was a policeman working under Wang Lijun at that time. It is known that Wang had previously issued an order to all of the policemen under his supervision that, with regard to Falun Gong, “We must arrest them all and kill them all.”
This witness himself claimed to have participated in the arrest of several Falun Gong practitioners, and had tortured Falun Gong practitioners many times to extort confessions from them.
“This witness claimed: On April 9, 2002, an office of the Public Security Bureau of Liaoning Province sent two military doctors (one from the General Hospital of the Shenyang Military Region and another one from the Number Two Military University) to take a thirty-some-year-old female Falun Gong practitioner to a surgery room on the fifteenth floor of the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region. While the practitioner was totally awake, without applying any anesthetic, they cut out her heart, kidney, and other organs.” [6]
Wang Lijun – His Modified Resume [7]
After the world’s largest Chinese search engine, Baidu, modified the description of Wang Lijun 140 times (to fix previous errors), people no longer have doubts about his origin, ethnicity, experience, and education records. Baidu’s description for “Wang Lijun” reads as follows:
“Wang Lijun, Male, Mongolian, Mongolian name as Wu’en·Bate’er, Wu’en (in Mongolian) means ‘True,’ Bate’er means ‘Hero,’ the whole name means ‘True Hero.’ …
“Official Title: Deputy Mayor of Chongqing City People’s Government, Deputy Party Secretary of Chongqing Political and Legal Committee, Deputy Director of the Leading Group for the Struggle over Fighting the Black [8] and Eliminating the Evil, with the Deputy General Police Commissioner rank (the rank of deputy minister). Also Party Secretary and Director of the Public Security Bureau of Chongqing City.
“Resume:
July 1976 – April 1978, a Rusticated Youth [9] at Tianchi Forest, Ar’er Mountain Forestry Bureau, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (AR);
April 1978 – March 1981, Clerk, Secretary, and Scheduler of the PLA 00419 Unit;
March 1981 – December 1982, Employee of Ar’er Mountain Forestry Bureau, Inner Mongolia AR;
December 1982 – April 1984, Employee of Commerce Bureau of Tiefa City, Liaoning Province;
April 1984 – August 1987, Office Staff, Captain of the Public Order Team, Traffic Police Division, Public Security Bureau, Tiefa City, Liaoning Province
…”
Although Baidu has repeatedly verified and modified Wang Lijun’s information, his actual origin, ethnicity, and the title of his position before he became a policeman are very different.
The real truth is that Wang Lijun was born on December 26, 1959, as a Han (the largest ethnic group in China). His family was from Jilin Province. He was born in Ar’er Mountain. His father, Wang Yin, is still alive and is living in Huludao City, Liaoning Province. His mother is Liang Shuxia, born in September 1934. She died on September 20, 1985, and is buried in Ar’er Mountain. Wang personally paid to have a large cemetery built for his mother. The tombstone is engraved with a eulogy that Wang wrote himself, “…Only son Lijun has achieved many things for the nation and the people, and is also very knowledgeable…”
The whole cemetery was constructed in the Han cemetery style. All inscriptions were in Chinese (not in Mongolian). The stone carving was based on the dragon and phoenix theme. Why did Wang Lijun change his Han origin to say he was Mongolian? He did that because the 14th National Congress of the CCP articulated a procedure “to take care of ethnic minorities.” Wang Lijun changed his ethnicity in order to try to become a party member representative. Wang’s military record also clearly stated that he was a Han.
The Mongolia name “True Hero” does not follow the Mongolian naming convention either.
In April 1978, Wang Lijun joined the army and became a soldier in the PLA 00419 Unit. He worked as a driver and a clerk. The unit was stationed at Diaobing Mountain, Tieling City, Liaoning Province. The unit didn’t have a “secretary” position. Wang never served in any military “secretary” position.
Bo Xilai – A Doomed Political Career Due to Lawsuits over Human Rights Violations
WikiLeaks posted a cable that the U.S. Shanghai Consulate sent on December 4, 2007, stating that Bo Xilai’s political career was stalled due to overseas lawsuits against him for persecuting Falun Gong practitioners. Wen Jiabao argued that Bo was not suitable to be promoted to Vice Premier due to “numerous lawsuits.” [10] He was thus moved to be the Chongqing Party Secretary. The following is the relevant part of the cable:
Luo (Carlyle Group Chief China Representative Luo Yi) predicted in our November 9 discussion that Minister of Commerce Bo Xilai’s expected (and since announced) move to Chongqing to become Party Secretary will be his final career move. While Bo may serve two terms, he will not be promoted higher. Bo is not happy with his onward assignment. Jiaotong University Professor Hu Wei on November 26 repeated his Beijing contacts’ comments that Bo had for several days been withdrawn following the decision on his onward assignment and that he had ceased his past pattern of incessant contacts with other domestic figures whose support he had so ardently courted in the leadup to the Party Congress.
Nanjing’s Professor Gu said Bo’s move to Chongqing put an ambitious, arrogant, and widely disliked competitor for a top position in a trouble-filled position far from Beijing. Gu noted that Bo had been angling for promotion to Vice Premier. However, Premier Wen had argued against the promotion, citing the numerous lawsuits brought against Bo in Australia, Spain, Canada, England, the United States, and elsewhere by Falun Gong members. Wen successfully argued Bo’s significant negative international exposure made him an inappropriate candidate to represent China at an even higher international level. Wen’s arguments found fertile soil among officials who still harbored resentment against Bo for his treatment of his family-particularly his father-during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76). In order to make himself politically above reproach, Bo, at the time, had made a public statement denouncing his father and renouncing his kinship ties. Gu said that people value familial feelings above all else and many see Bo as a “base traitor” who is “less than human” for his actions.
An Epoch Times article further explained the lawsuits against Bo Xilai: [11]
In 1999, when Jiang Zemin ordered the suppression of Falun Gong, to please Jiang, Bo Xilai, then Mayor of Dalian City, Liaoning Province, instructed Dalian officials to ransack Falun Gong practitioners’ homes, illegally detain them, and torture them using all kinds of torture instruments. Bo also instructed the staff at the Dalian Public Security Bureau and State Security Bureau: “For Falun Gong practitioners, torture them mercilessly, even to death!”
On March 9, 2006, an eyewitness disclosed to Epoch Times that the Liaoning Provincial Thrombus Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine in Sujiatun, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, had once secretly imprisoned more than 6,000 Falun Gong practitioners. The hospital performed organ harvesting against many of them while they were still alive. The witness’s former husband was one of the doctors who performed the organ harvesting. On March 31, 2006, a senior military doctor in Shenyang Military Region further disclosed, “The Hospital in Sujiatun was one of the 36 similar concentration camps set up throughout the nation. … In the information to which I have access, the largest site for the imprisonment of Falun Gong practitioners is in Jilin Province, with a code name 672-S; over 120,000 practitioners are imprisoned there.” More evidence came out later to validate that since 2001, the CCP had performed an operation on a large-scale to use Falun Gong practitioners to harvest their organs, resulting in their death. The profit from transplanting organs harvested from Falun Gong practitioners was huge.
The crime of organ harvesting at the Sujiatun Concentration Camp started in 2001 and reached a peak in 2002. Bo Xilai was the Governor of Liaoning at that time. He and Wang Lijun brutally persecuted Falun Gong practitioners when they were in the Northeast of China.
Over ten lawsuits had been filed against Bo Xilai overseas. These include South Korea, Spain, New York (U.S.), the Netherlands, Russia, Romania, Poland, the U.K., and Washington, DC. (U.S.). Frequently on his foreign visits, Bo was served a criminal court summons.
In 2004, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) added 45 Chinese government officials to its watch list because of their involvement in the persecution of Falun Gong. These Chinese government officials could face denial of entry to Canada, repatriation, or lawsuits. When Hu Jintao was about to visit the U.S. and Canada in 2005, then Commerce Minister Bo Xilai had initially planned to accompany him. However, since Bo was served a lawsuit a year earlier when he accompanied Wu Yi (then Vice Premier) on a visit to the U.S. and he was included in the RCMP’s watch list, Bo’s name was eventually removed from Hu’s entourage list.
Bo Xilai – The Bo Family’s Close Relationship with Jiang Zemin
An article on Aboluo News revealed the close ties between Bo Xilai’s father Bo Yibo [12] and Jiang Zemin, as well as why Jiang kept looking after Bo Xilai. [13]
On February 2, 2012, the Information Office of the Chongqing government announced on its microblog that Wang Lijun would no longer be the Party Secretary and Director of the Public Security Bureau of Chongqing. Instead, he was demoted to be in charge of educational, science, and cultural activities. The public was shocked at the change in Wang’s position. Being aware of the ramifications of such a move and because Wang was Bo Xilai’s confidant, people wondered, “Is Bo Xilai in trouble?”
Later, according to the Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, Qiao Shi [14] and other retired veteran officials in the political and legal system sent a letter to Zhou Yongkang, Party Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Committee, requesting Wang’s removal (from his police chief post) for lack of process in investing the case of killing a military guard and stealing a rifle in Chongqing in 2009 and a series of murder cases.
Why would Qiao Shi pick on Bo Xilai’s confidant? Qiao did not get along with Bo Xilai’s father Bo Yibo.
Since June 4, 1989, the Chinese public hated Jiang Zemin. Qiao Shi had a good reputation. So there was a popular calling that “water (referring to Jiang – the Chinese character of “Jiang” has the word “water” in it) goes down and rock (referring to Qiao Shi – the Chinese character of “Shi” means stone) emerges.” Jiang was very jealous of Qiao.
Jiang made a deal with Bo Yibo. Before the 15th National Congress of the CCP (in 1997), Bo promised to pressure Qiao to retire and Jiang in return, promised to “take care of” Bo’s son Bo Xilai. Then the 89-year-old Bo told Qiao that the 15th Congress had set a new rule on age restriction (that anyone above 70 must retire from his official position). Qiao was 73 and therefore forced to retire, but Jiang, then 71, remained in the CCP’s “core” position. Thus Jiang had the power to himself.
Jiang Zemin didn’t dare not to “take care of” Bo Xilai. According to Hong Kong media, in the Spring of 1995, Deng Xiaoping received a letter from seven Provincial cadres including Chen Xitong (then Beijing Party Secretary), reporting that Jiang’s father was a Chinese traitor (he served the Japanese during the Japanese invasion of China in the 1940s). Deng didn’t say a word after reading it. Instead, he gave the letter to Bo Yibo to handle. Bo called Jiang to him and gave the letter to Jiang. It was said that Jiang, whose face grew white and who kept sweating, stood shaking in front of Bo just like an elementary student. (Bo let Jiang go.) After that, the two of them worked hand in glove with each other.
Later Bo helped Jiang get rid of Chen Xitong. Before the 16th National Congress of the CCP (in 2002), Bo proposed to keep Jiang at his post, though many high-ranking officials thought that Jiang should retire from all of his positions.
Since Bo kept Jiang’s secret, when two of Bo’s sons stole 4.7 billion Yuan (US$740 million), Jiang dismissed the case. Jiang also personally released Bo’s son when Interpol arrested him for smuggling drugs.
As for Bo Xilai, in January 1998, shortly after he was re-appointed as the Mayor of Dalian for the second term, Jiang promoted him to the Deputy Governor of Liaoning Province. Later Bo was promoted to Governor of Liaoning, and then Minister of Commerce.
Bo Xilai – Who Really Wants to Topple Him?
There are many versions of the political analysis and explanations about the CCP in-fighting regarding Bo Xilai. The following is a report from Radio Free Asia. [15]
The Deputy Mayor of Chongqing City, Wang Lijun suddenly ran to the U.S. Consulate to seek political asylum. It not only became a Chongqing scandal and a China scandal, but also an international scandal. It reflected on the CCP high-ranking officials’ dual character: anti-U.S. in their mouths but pleasing and begging the U.S. in their bones. Wang was Chongqing Party Secretary Bo Xilai’s hardcore crony. He followed Bo from Northeast China to the Southwest. He assisted Bo in carrying out the large-scale “fight the black” campaign in Chongqing. He used any means to arrest people at will, cook up charges, and even frame defense lawyers to put them in prison.
If Wang Lijun was in trouble, it meant that Bo Xilai was in trouble. On the surface, it seemed that Bo and Wang fell out with each other and that Bo wanted to hurt Wang, but the real issue was that people at an even higher level wanted to take down Bo Xilai, so they started with Wang Lijun. Bo became afraid after hearing about it and to save himself, he wanted to separate himself from Wang. He even wanted to “take care of” Wang before the CCDI did. Wang was Bo’s thug and tool to arrest people and torture them; now Wang faced the same treatment. Wang understood too well that Bo, being spiteful, could do anything to him. Therefore, he ran for his life.
The question is: Who really wanted to topple Bo Xilai? Some people attribute it to Hu Jintao, but it is actually not him. Hu, deep in his heart, is extremely left and likes the “red” tradition. Bo’s “singing the ‘red,” praising Mao Zedong, and moving to the left (in his ideology), is at least in-line with Hu in the area of ideology. If Hu wanted to let Bo fall, there could be only one reason: Bo’s largely-publicized “singing the ‘red’ and fighting the black” campaign was his own idea, done without the central government’s authorization. Where did Bo put “the central Party committee under Secretary-General Hu Jintao’s leadership?” Hu was embarrassed that Bo showed no respect for the central leadership.
Also, Hu is about to hand over power to the next generation of leaders. With his conservative personality, he’d rather have a smooth transition without any surprises. It is hard to imagine that he would want to take such a “major action” right before the transition. Also, as his term is ending, Hu has shown signs of being weak in power and unable to control situations. Hu’s agreement to topple Bo must be a result of passively following others.
Looking at all the high-ranking officials, the persons who hate Bo the most are He Guoqiang and Wang Yang, both of whom were the previous Party Secretary of Chongqing before Bo. Using “fighting the black,” Bo belittled He and Wang’s achievements, eliminated their confidants, and turned them into enemies. Currently, Wang Yang is the Guangdong Party Secretary. He does not have the power to touch Bo, but He is a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and Party Secretary of CCDI. He is in a perfect position to attack Bo. The investigation of Wang started in the CCDI. However, though He had the imperial sword of the “CCDI,” his position and authority were still not strong enough to take on Bo by himself.
The next person in line who wanted to topple Bo was Wen Jiabao. When Bo was at the peak of “singing the ‘red,'” Wen criticized (him) without directly mentioning his name. Wen said, “Currently there are two forces in China making people dare not tell the truth: the legacy of Feudal ideology and the carried-over Cultural Revolution poison.” (Editor’s Note: The “Cultural Revolution poison” referred to the “red” of Bo’s songs and praises) Bo’s extremely-left promotion is the complete opposite of the political reform that Wen has talked about. To Wen, Bo is like a thorn in his back; he won’t be happy until he pulls it out.
Next, were Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang who wanted to topple Bo. Bo’s build-up of publicity for himself was actually a challenge to Xi Jinping; it expressed Bo’s dissatisfaction with the surge in Xi’s political career, as he will be the head of the fifth generation of leaders.
Bo’s control of a local region and audacity in challenging the central government present the largest threat to Xi and Li, who are soon to take over the highest positions of the Party and the Administration. Xi and Li were not sure they could win (the battle over Bo) if they waited until they were completely in power and then invested a large effort in (taking him down) following Jiang Zemin’s example in taking down Chen Xitong or Hu Jintao’s example to taking down Chen Liangyu (who was then Shanghai’s Party Secretary).
Why? First, Bo is a member of the “princelings.” He enjoys super-special power. The fifth generation of the Party’s leadership is the “princelings” generation. Second, the development of Bo’s relationship in the Party and his reputation are way above that of the two Chen’s. Third, Bo is good at “gaining publicity.” Whether in Liaoning or Chongqing, he garnered “substantial public respect,” way above the two Chen’s. Now, instigating or just supporting the heavy-weights of the Politburo Standing Committee to take down Bo helps Xi and Li to clear away such obstacles earlier. Replacing Wang Lijun as Director of the Public Security Bureau with Wang Haiyang, who used to work for Li Keqiang, has already shown some hint of Li’s involvement.
Toppling Bo might also have Jiang Zemin and Zeng Qinghong’s support. It is known that Jiang and Zeng are the deciding factors that strongly recommended and supported Xi to be the next leader. Challenging Xi is challenging Jiang and Zeng. Jiang and Zeng’s support in getting rid of Bo is to ensure Xi Jinping to secure the highest position.
Now looking at the team to topple Bo, it has five of the nine members of the Politburo Standing Committee, including four strong anti-Bo persons: Wen Jiabao, He Guoqiang, Xi Jinping, and Li Keqiang and a passive supporter Hu Jintao, plus Jiang Zemin who still has political influence; their power base is strong enough. Those who are against or still undecided may just be the new “gang of four”: Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, and Zhou Yongkang. They all share the same leftist ideology with Bo.
However, in the current CCP, interest is more important than ideology. After some hesitation or resistance, Wu, Jia, and Li might give up their position of supporting Bo. Maybe only Zhou Yongkang will fight for Bo to the end. Zhou is brutal in repressing people who are against him. Bo’s ruthlessness is what Zhou likes the most about him. Zhou went to Chongqing to praise Bo before. He stated “Striking and eradicating the triads is a ‘popular project’ to allow people to enjoy a peaceful life.” Bo wanted to take the Party Secretary position of the Central Political and Legal Committee. Zhou also wanted to pass the position to him.
Regardless, the main picture of Bo’s fall is clear. What will be the ending for Bo? One, it is sure that the path for Bo to become a member of the Politburo Standing Committee is cut off. Two, Bo may resign from or be removed from all of his Party and government positions, but due to the implicit high-level agreement that “princelings won’t be punished,” Bo may avoid any punishment. Three, if the anti-Bo group wants to advance their victory, Bo may be put in prison, just like Chen Xitong and Chen Liangyu were.
Endnotes:
[1] WOIPFG Website, “Investigative Report: China’s Public Security Bureau’s On-site Psychology Research Center Implicated in Live Organ Harvesting and Human Experimentation on Falun Gong Practitioners,” ) February 15, 2012.
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/en/node/214.
[2] CCTV, “The Development and Future of Skull Body Source Authenticating,” October 21, 2004.
http://www.cctv.com/program/xwyh/20041021/101709.shtml.
The statement can also be found at: Guanghua Science and Technology Foundation Website, “China Guanghua Science and Technology Foundation Awarded ‘Guanghua Innovation Special Contribution Award’ to Researchers of the Public Security System,” September 21, 2006.
http://www.ddfddf.org/index.php/Index/content/id/433.
[3] Guanghua Science and Technology Foundation Website, “Wang Lijun’s Speech at the Award Ceremony for the ‘Guanghua Innovation Special Contribution Award’ in 2006,” September 19, 2006.
http://www.ddfchina.org/index.php/Index/content/id/108#.
[4] Guanghua Science and Technology Foundation Website, “China Guanghua Science and Technology Foundation Awarded ‘Guanghua Innovation Special Contribution Award’ to Researchers of the Public Security System,” September 21, 2006.
http://www.ddfddf.org/index.php/Index/content/id/433.
[5] Guanghua Science and Technology Foundation Website, “Wang Lijun’s Speech at the Award Ceremony for ‘Guanghua Innovation Special Contribution Award’ in 2006,” September 19, 2006.
http://www.ddfchina.org/index.php/Index/content/id/108#.
[6] This quote is from a separate article, Banned Books Blog on Epoch Times, “The Shocking Story of Wang Lijun,” February 16, 2012.
http://bannedbook.blog.epochtimes.com/article/show?articleid=36079.
[7] Aboluo News, “Breaking News – Wang Lijun Is Not a Mongolian, Picture of His Wife and Daughter,” February 15, 2012.
http://www.aboluowang.com/2012/0215/235814.html
[8] Fight Black, or 打黑, was a campaign that Bo Xilai initiated and Wang Lijun executed. It claimed to eradicate triads in Chongqing.
[9] The Rusticated Youth of China (Chinese: 知识青年; pinyin: zhīshi qīngnián), also referred to as zhiqing, is a term used in the People’s Republic of China to refer to a young person who had received a high level of education, especially those who, beginning in the 1950s until the end of the Cultural Revolution, willingly or under coercion, left the urban areas and were rusticated to rural areas to assume peasant lives. (Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusticated_Youth_of_China):
[10] WikiLeaks, “Viewing cable 07SHANGHAI771, EAST CHINA CONTACTS ON LEADERSHIP CHANGES.”
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/12/07SHANGHAI771.html#.
[11] Epoch Times, “WikiLeaks: Bo Xilai Sued in Many Countries for Persecuting Falun Gong; Wen Jiabao Blocked His Promotion,” February 7, 2012.
http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/12/2/7/n3505635.htm
[12] Bo Yibo, 薄一波, was a veteran “red army” soldier, top-ranking politician, and a peer of Deng Xiaoping. (Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Yibo)
[13] Aboluo News, “Bo Yibo’s Secret Deal with Jiang Zemin before Bo’s Death, Forcing Qiao Shi to Retire in Exchange for Jiang Taking Care of Bo Xilai,” February 20, 2012.
http://www.aboluowang.com/2012/0220/236557.html[14] Qiao Shi, 乔石, ranked third in the CCP leadership during Jiang Zemin’s era and was a strong rival of Jiangs. He rose up through the ranks in the political and legal system. From 1987 to 1997, he was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee. From 1993 to 1998, he was the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. He gained popularity during because of his commitment to the rule of law, in contrast to Jiang’s tendency for self-promotion. (Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Shi)
[15] Radio Free Asia, “Who Really Wanted to Topple Bo Xilai?” February 14, 2012.
http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/cpk-02142012135643.html.