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Communist China’s Cultural Invasion of the World — Part II

— Part II: Government Policies —

{Editor’s Notes: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has adopted and, for many years, has carried out its strategy of “Culture Going Global.” The following is a report that Chinascope has created focusing on that strategy, on related government policies, and on the implementation of the CCP’s efforts.

The report will be published in three parts:

The full document can be downloaded here.}

 

II. Whose Culture to Promote?

One may ask why the rest of the world should be concerned with Beijing’s “Culture Going Global” strategy. Isn’t Chinese culture a culture that has been passed down over thousands of years with a rich heritage and a wealth of wisdom in understanding the relationships between the human and the divine and human and human?

Well, the traditional Chinese culture is, but the CCP’s culture is not. The “culture” that the CCP promotes to the world is the “socialist culture,” or the “red culture.” It is totally different from traditional Chinese culture.

The CCP Central Committee’s doctrine declared that its culture is under Marxist ideology and the CCP’s leadership: “To construct a socialist culture power state and improve the state culture’s soft power, (we) must adhere to the socialist advanced cultural direction, adhere to the Socialist Path of Chinese Characteristics, develop and practice socialist core values, strengthen Marxism’s guiding position over ideology, …” {1}

“What types of culture does our party and our people have? One is the traditional Chinese culture; the other one is the culture created by our party and people, or the revolutionary culture and the socialist advanced culture, which we normally call the ‘red culture.’” “The traditional Chinese culture, once it has gone through the party’s innovative transformation, will change into ‘red culture,’ too.” {2}

 

A. Differences between the Two Cultures

There are several differences between the traditional Chinese culture and the CCP’s culture.

The normal understanding of culture has at least two aspects. It inherits from the past (has a traditional aspect) and it carries human values and moral codes.

Traditional Chinese Culture has a deep interpretation of the relationship between the human world and the divine. Chinese believed that there were higher beings; that man should follow these higher beings; and that, through cultivation practice, man could reach the level of the divine. China’s three main religious teachings, Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, either originated in China or took root there about two thousand years ago. Many Chinese legends of the divine dated even further before them. All of these flourished and were promulgated in a land whose people were devoted to achieving a oneness with heaven. They, in turn, established and supported the maintenance of a system of high moral standards in China.

The “communist culture,” on the other hand, does not have any element of divinity. The CCP educates all Chinese that there is no divine power and bans all religions. Instead, it promotes itself to the Chinese people as “god” and its ideology and the words of its “supreme leader” as the equivalent of the holy bible. Thus, it tried to cut the people’s ties to their traditional Chinese culture. From the 1950s to the Cultural Revolution (1966 – 1976), the CCP destroyed almost all Buddhist, Taoist, and Christian religions in China, including temples, churches, clergymen, believers, and practices. It still allowed a few religious practice groups, but that was for decorative purpose. Recently, it also rebuilt many temples, but that was for tourist purposes, not for cultivation.

The destruction of traditional Chinese culture also led to severe moral crises and corruption in China.

Chinascope’s “The Battle for Man’s Soul – Preface” article {3} contrasted the differences as follows:

There was once this great land on earth, where people believed they were at the center of the earth and blessed by the divine, and thus called their land the “Central Kingdom (中国)” and the “Land of the Divine (神州);

There was once a great civilization on this land, which began when, 5,000 years ago, the Yellow Emperor united different tribes and established the first civilization;

There was once a great culture on this land, which flourished during the period of “hundreds of schools of thought” 2,500 years ago, including Laozi, Confucius, Mencius, Sun Tzu (the author of “The Art of War”), Han Fei Zi (founder of “Chinese Legalism”), and other philosophers. Further enriched by imported Buddhism 2,000 years ago, it thus became the traditional Chinese culture that emphasizes the relationship between heaven and man, virtue, and order, with its roots firmly set in Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism;

There was once a great culture on this land, under which people held a high respect for human moral standards and believed in “giving up one’s life for righteousness (舍生取义),” “a promise weighs heavier than one thousand pieces of gold (一诺千金),” “there are certain things that a gentleman must do and certain things that a gentleman must not do (大丈夫有所为有所不为),” and “do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you (己所不欲勿施于人); ”

Sadly, under the CCP’s reign, this once great land lost its religions as the CCP believes no gods exist and there is no power higher than communism: temples were destroyed, books of scripture were burned, and monks were forced to get married;

Sadly, under the CCP’s reign, this once great land has lost its traditional culture: people are cheating and lying about everything, . . .

Sadly, under the CCP’s reign, this once great land adopted unfair economic practices… by forcing foreign companies to hand over their intellectual property and technical know-how, and by openly stealing over cyberspace;

Sadly, under the CCP’s reign, this once great land attempts to extend its control over the world by buying underdeveloped countries and infiltrating developed countries, in a covert political and ideological campaign against the world;

Sadly, under the CCP’s reign, this once great land has become a place to destroy people’s conscience and man’s soul and it keeps exporting that destruction to other countries.

 

B. The Danger of the CCP’s Culture

The essence of the CCP culture, no matter how the communist party tries to package it, is to secure its power and its interests over its own people and ultimately, the world. The CCP will do anything to keep itself in power.

George Orwell said, “The peculiarity of the totalitarian state is that, though it controls thought, it does not fix it. It sets up unquestionable dogmas, and it alters them from day to day. It needs the dogmas, because it needs absolute obedience from its subjects, but cannot avoid the changes, which are dictated by the needs of power politics.” {4}

In other words, the CCP, likewise, has no principles except the “absolute obedience from its subjects.” The CCP knows that its political power is illegitimate, so it has repeatedly barked about “stability” and desired to protect its political power. Nevertheless, from time to time, it has changed its “communist values” and “communist ideology” for political need. For example, when the CCP first took power in China in 1949, it declared capitalists and landlords were the enemies of the proletariat and conducted “socialist reform” to eliminate them. Thirty years later, it reversed the course to carry out economic reform, allowing private business and encouraging people to get rich. Former CCP head Jiang Zemin even put forward the “Three Represents” theory. {5} It allowed capitalists to join the CCP. Starting in 2018, the CCP changed its direction again to restrict private ownership and promote public ownership.

The socialist values that the CCP teaches people have had a negative impact: to fight each other following the communist party’s struggle theory, to lie along with the party, and to “be an obedient tool of the party.” Over time, CCP culture cannot stand up in front of traditional Chinese culture or the Western culture and universal values.

How can the CCP convince the people in China and around the world to accept it then?

The Epoch Times gave a good explanation. {6}

“There are several ways a scoundrel might make others view him in a more positive light. One way would be to start from within, abandon evil, become good, and stop being a scoundrel. Other people would then over time naturally come to recognize the transformation.

“The second way would be to begin exerting pressure on others, trying to brainwash them into not recognizing the scoundrel for what he is.

“Finally, a scoundrel might even mount the most audacious plan, and attempt to use manipulation, lies, gaslighting, and brainwashing to turn everyone else into scoundrels too. This would offer the greatest protection.”

The second and third approaches are the CCP’s “Culture Going Global” plan.

 

C. Examples

A few examples will help our readers to see whether the culture programs that Beijing exports are to share traditional Chinese culture with the world or to promote the CCP’s culture.

1. Ballet Performance to Spread CCP Ideology

Beijing sent the ballet performance troupe “The Red Detachment of Women” (红色娘子军) to several Western cities including Washington, DC, New York, Madrid, and Melbourne. The main message of the performance was: Peasants lived miserable lives and the land owners who were the “class enemies exploited them;” the CCP came as their savior and liberated them; under the CCP’s leadership, the liberated peasant women picked up guns to kill those “class enemies.” {7}

There is not much traditional Chinese culture in this show. Instead it includes extensive praise of the CCP and promotion of its “class struggle” theory.

2. Cultural Trip to “Tell China Story”

The Association for the Promotion of the Peaceful Unification of China (APPUC, 中国和平统一促进会) is a “non-profit organization” under the CCP Central Committee’s United Front Department. It organizes a group of news reporters from the overseas Chinese media to visit Tibet as a cultural event every year. “To foreign reporters, Tibet is even harder to visit than North Korea. However, these one dozen reporters had a smooth trip and the local CCP officials also received them.”

The Deputy Secretary Hao Yanfeng of the APPUC said the purpose of the trip was “to support the state’s anti-Tibet separation work, especially the work against the Tibet separation force overseas.” He encouraged the managers of those media to “spread well (the CCP’s propaganda) about Tibet” and let the overseas Chinese feel “that without the CCP, Tibet would never have achieved what it has today.”

After the tour, one reporter wrote “it is of significant meaning to witness the rebirth of such a poor and backward region (as Tibet).” Another reporter wrote, “Under the blue sky is the religious practice that anyone can easily obtain. Peaceful and secular temples have built the happiest world in the hearts of the Tibetans.” {8}

3. Educational Exchange to Impose CCP’s Views

Beijing has conducted many exchange and cooperation programs with the U.S. colleges. A 153-page report by the Wilson Center {9} indicated that these exchanges are aimed to build “China’s political agenda and educational culture on American campuses.” “(M)any Americans see the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC’s) moves as those of a peer competitor aiming to create a world antithetical to U.S. values and interests” and to inculcate the “proper” attitude toward communist China in the minds of the academic community.

The report’s Executive Summary lists a number of the PRC’s deliberate actions. To name a few:

  • Complaining to the university about invited speakers and events
  • Pressuring and/or offering inducements to faculty whose work involves content deemed sensitive by the PRC authorities
  • Demanding faculty alter their language or teaching materials involving sensitive content on political rather than evidence-based grounds
  • Interrupting and heckling other members of the university community who engage in critical discussion of China
  • Pressuring universities to cancel academic activities involving sensitive content
  • Engaging in intimidation, abusive conduct, or harassment of other members of the university community

4. Confucius Institutions Must Align with the Party

Confucius was a great philosopher in China. The CCP denounced him during the Cultural Revolution, but borrowed his name, in the past two decades, to spread Confucius Institutes, a Chinese language “teaching and exchange” program, around the world.

However, its goal is not to spread the pure traditional Chinese culture, but rather the CCP’s ideology. As Li Changchun, former CCP Politburo Standing Committee member stated, “Using the excuse of teaching the Chinese language, everything looks reasonable and logical.”

The institution is strictly managed under the party’s control. Teachers are checked for their correct “political thinking” before being hired. Sonia Zhao, a Confucius Institute teacher at the McMaster University in Canada reported that practitioners of Falun Gong, a religious group that the CCP has banned since 1999, were not allowed to work at Confucius Institution.

“(T)hey do tell us: Don’t talk about (issues of Tibet or other sensitive topics). If the student insists, you just try to change the topic, or say something the Chinese Communist Party would prefer.” {10}

 

III. Government Policies for “Culture Going Global”

Since the “Culture Going Global” is a top-level strategy for the CCP, many party organs and state agencies are working on this effort and creating policies for its implementation.

 

A. Government Organizations

Several party organs and state agencies are involved in the CCP’s culture expansion. The leading entity is the Publicity Department of the CCP Central Committee (中央宣传部). It used to be called the Central Propaganda Department. Several of the Central Publicity Department’s functions are related to culture:

  • At the macro level, direct the production of spiritual products.
  • Under the CCP Central Committee’s assignment, assist the CCP Central Committee’s Organization Department to manage the leading cadres of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Administration of Press and Publication, and Chinese Academy of Social Science; jointly work with the Organization Department to manage the leading cadres of People’s Daily, the National Radio and Television Administration, and Xinhua News Agency; …
  • Be responsible for providing guiding principles for propaganda and culture development, overseeing propaganda and the culture system to establish policies and regulations, and coordinating various (party and government) organs within the propaganda and culture system. {11}

The Ministry of Culture and Tourism (文化和旅游部) of the State Council (国务院) is the main execution body. One of its function is to “guide and manage the exchange, cooperation, and promotion of culture and tourism work with foreign countries and Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan; guide cultural and tourism units stationed in foreign countries and Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan; sign, on behalf of China, cultural and tourism cooperation agreements between China and other countries; organize large-scale cultural and tourism exchange activities with foreign countries and Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan; promote Chinese culture to go global.” {12}

The State Council Information Office (SCIO, 国务院新闻办公室) has the duty to “push Chinese media to explain China to foreign countries, guide and coordinate news reporting that targets foreign countries; organize comprehensive, multi-department, multi-region, large-scale culture exchange activities, and organize the production of books, audio and video, files and television publications that introduce China to foreign countries.” SCIO and the International Communication Office of the CCP’s Central Committee (中共中央对外宣传办公室) are the same entity with different names. {13}

The Ministry of Commerce (商务部) is partly involved as it oversees Chinese cultural companies’ investing overseas and sending employees performing overseas. {14}

Both the Ministry of Finance (财政部) and People’s Bank of China (中国人民银行) provide financial support to build cultural enterprises in China and supply foreign currency for overseas investments. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (外交部) supports Chinese performance troupes and culture exchange programs via its embassies and consulates overseas. The Ministry of Information Industry (信息产业部) supports the animation and other IT entertainment industries. The Ministry of Education (教育部) teaches the Chinese language overseas and offers scholarship to bring students from other countries to attend Chinese universities. The National Radio and Television Administration (国家广播电视总局) oversees the radio, movie and TV businesses. The Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO) of the State Council (国务院侨务办公室) sends performance troupes around the world and conducts outreach to the Chinese diaspora. The All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese (中华全国归国华侨联合会(中国侨联)), which claims to be a “non-governmental” organization, but actually works under the International Department of the CCP Central Committee (中央对外联络部(中联部)), also sends performance troupes around the world.

The General Administration of Press and Publication (国家新闻出版署) oversees the press and publications. It used to be an independent office under the State Council. Now it is under the Publicity Department of the CCP Central Committee, keeping only a name plate for the state agency.

 

B. Government Policies

The following are some major government policies issued since 2009, related to the “Culture Going Global” strategy:

July 22, 2009: The State Council passed the “Cultural Industry Revitalization Plan.” {15} It is a milestone plan that marked the beginning of Beijing’s aggressive culture exports. The plan listed five major policy measures:

  • Lower the entry barrier to allow non-government capital and foreign capital to invest in the culture industry.
  • Increase government investment, from both the central government and all levels of local government, offering low interest loans, project subsidies, and other means to encourage cultural product and service exports; increase special funding for the culture industry.
  • Provide tax incentives.
  • Increase the financial support from the banking system, such as offering insurance and re-insurance, support culture enterprises to make IPOs or issue bonds.
  • Establish the China Culture Industrial Investment Fund.

July 31, 2009: The CCP Central Committee’s Publicity Department and the Ministry of Culture jointly issued “Several Opinions on Deepening Reform of State-Owned Cultural Performance Troupes.” It set the policy to convert state-owned performance troupes to commercial companies (the government can hold shares). It stated it would “emphasize developing backbone performing troupes.” “Choose certain large state-owned or state-holding companies that have good growth potentials and strong competitiveness, to increase the level of support for them and encourage them to leverage funding to conduct cross-region acquisition and re-organization so as to develop both domestic and foreign markets.” {16}

From March 2009 to March 2010: The Ministry of Culture signed culture industry development cooperation agreements with the Bank of China, the China Export-Import Bank, and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), to get their commitment to provide financial support to culture enterprises. {17} {18} {19}

March 19, 2010: The Ministry of Culture, the Bank of China, and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued “The Guiding Opinion on Financial Support for the Culture Industry’s Revitalization and Development.” The opinion requested better foreign currency support for domestic culture enterprises to invest overseas. {20}

August 26, 2010: The National Radio and Television Administration signed a “Cooperation Agreement to Support Key Companies to Export Radio, Film, and Television Programs” with the China Export-Import Bank, to secure financial support with foreign currency. {21}

April 20, 2011: The General Administration of Press and Publication published “The Development Plan for the Press and Publication Industry in the 12th Five-Year Plan Period.” It called for “creating a group of large media groups and supply chain enterprises that can compete internationally.” It set the goal of US$ 42 million in publication product exports and US$1 billion in exports of digital publication products and services by 2015. {22}

October 18, 2011: The CCP published its guiding strategic doctrine “The Decision of the CCP Central Committee on Major Issues Pertaining to Deepening Reform of the Cultural System and Promoting the Great Development and Flourishing of Socialist Culture.” {23}

September 21, 2012: The Ministry of Commerce, the Publicity Department of the CCP Central Committee, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Culture, and the National Radio and Television Administration jointly issued “The 2011-2012 Index of Key Companies and Key Projects for Culture Exports,” listing key culture companies for the state to support. {24}

September and October 2013: Xi Jinping put forward the concept of the BRI.

February 26, 2014: The State Council issued “Several Opinions of the State Council Pertaining to Advancing Cultural Creative Idea and Design Services Relevant Industry.” It called to “support companies to ‘go global,’ to expand the export of products and services, and to develop international markets actively via overseas mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and establishing its own branches.” {25}

March 3, 2014: The State Council issued the “Opinion of the State Council Pertaining to Accelerating the Development of Cultural Trade Overseas.” {26} It listed several policies to encourage culture exports:

  • Encourage all types of companies, via establishing overseas branches, mergers and acquisitions, and joint ventures, to invest in the culture industry overseas and to develop an international sales network. Promote the development of trading platforms for cultural products and services exports and support cultural enterprises to participate in important international cultural exhibitions. Encourage cultural enterprises to develop international business via e-commerce.
  • Cultural enterprises conducting outsourcing services can enjoy fifteen percent of business income tax relief and employees can enjoy up to an eight percent of tax deduction on training and education expenses.
  • Support state-owned key culture export enterprises to raise money via company bond and non-financial instrument. Provide conveniences for small to mid-sized cultural companies to utilize financing instruments such as medium-term notes, short-term financing bills, collection notes, and private placement bonds. Support qualified cultural export projects to issue non-financial, corporate asset-backed notes and securities company’s asset securitization products. Encourage cultural enterprises with cross-border investment needs to issue foreign currency bonds in China. Support cultural export enterprises to issue bonds in overseas RMB markets such as Hong Kong within the quota approved by the State Council.

March 17, 2014: The Ministry of Culture, the Bank of China, and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued “The Opinion Pertaining to Deepening Culture and Finance Cooperation.” {27} The opinion listed a number of financial support mechanisms for cultural enterprises, including:

  • Establish and improve a cultural finance intermediary service system.
  • Explore the creation of cultural finance cooperation pilot zone.
  • Accelerate the innovation of credit products and services suitable for cultural enterprises.
  • Improve the credit management mechanism of cultural enterprises.
  • Accelerate cultural enterprises’ direct financing.
  • Develop and promote financial products and services suitable for cultural trade overseas.
  • Increase financial support for consumption of cultural products.
  • Promote the integration of cultural industries and related industries.
  • Innovate new methods of cultural asset management.

The opinion further stated that these three government entities would establish an inter-ministerial consultation mechanism for cultural finance cooperation. The central government would allocate special funds for cultural finance cooperation and implement a “Cultural Finance Support Plan.”

July 11, 2014: The Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the “Implementation Opinions Pertaining to Supporting the Development of Small and Micro-Cultural Enterprises.” {28}

August 8, 2014: The Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the “Guiding Opinions Pertaining to Promoting the Development of the Cultural Industry with Unique Cultural Product.” It stated to “support enterprises with unique cultural products to participate in exhibitions and cultural exchange events overseas, to help them get into international market. Fully leverage the cultural offices (groups) of Chinese embassies and consulates and overseas Chinese cultural centers, to assist cultural enterprises in understanding and analyzing the overseas cultural markets and expand overseas marketing networks and channels.” {29}

March 28, 2015: The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Commerce jointly issued the “Vision and Actions to Promote the Development of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.” {30} In addition to economic development, it called for:

  • Wide cultural exchange, academic exchange, talent exchange, media cooperation, youth and female interaction, and volunteer services.
  • Expand the exchange student program. Each year, China provides 10,000 government scholarships to each country along the route. Organize cultural year, art festival, film festival, TV week and book exhibitions, cooperate in the creation and translation of radio and film products, jointly apply for world cultural heritage, and jointly carry out joint protection of world heritage.
  • Strengthen tourism cooperation, expand the scale of tourism, and organize a tourism promotion week, publicity month, and other activities. Jointly create international boutique tourism routes and tourism products with the characteristics of the Silk Road. Promote cruise cooperation on the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Actively carry out sports exchanges and support countries along the route to bid for major international sporting events.

December 30, 2016: The Ministry of Culture Issued the “‘Belt and Road’ Cultural Development Action Plan (2016-2020).” This comprehensive plan lists Beijing’s actions to conduct substantial culture exchanges and exports to the countries on the route, including creating six “silk road international alliances” of theaters, libraries, museums, art museums, art festivals, and art colleges, setting up Chinese Cultural Centers in partner countries, carry out a large number of cultural exchanges and tourism activities, and develop 800 scholars on Chinese study. {31}

April 20, 2017: The Ministry of Culture Issued the “Cultural Industry Development Plan During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period.” It stressed developing the culture industry both domestically and overseas under the BRI, “to make the cultural Industry become a pillar industry of the national economy.” It also promoted the “culture+” and “Internet+” strategy (combine other industries such as manufacturing, construction, design, information technology, tourism, and agriculture, on top of culture or the Internet.” {32}

May 7, 2017: The General Office of the CCP Central Committee and the General Office State Council jointly published the “Outline of the National Cultural Development and Reform Plan during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period.” It stated to “promote Chinese culture to go global and uniformly coordinate culture exchange, broadcast, and trade.” “Support private forces to participate in culture exchanges and utilize the overseas Chinese diaspora. Encourage organizations and State-Owned Enterprises to take part in the development of China Cultural Centers and Confucius Institutes overseas.” “Encourage all types of businesses to invest in the cultural industry overseas.” “Support cultural enterprises to participate in important international cultural festivals.” {33}

 

Endnotes:
{1} Xinhua, “The Decision of the CCP Central Committee on Major Issues Pertaining to Comprehensively Deepening Reform,” November 15, 2013.
http://www.sc.xinhuanet.com/content/2013-11/15/c_118164288.htm.
{2} Qiushi, “Red Culture and Culture Confidence,” June 23, 2017.
http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/hqwg/2017-06/23/c_1121197124.htm.
{3} Chinascope, “The Battle for Man’s Soul – Preface,” September 1, 2018.
http://chinascope.org/archives/16037.
{4} George Orwell Library, “George Orwell Literature and Totalitarianism.”
http://www.orwell.ru/library/articles/totalitarianism/english/e_lat.
{5} The China Net website, “What Is the ‘Three Represents’ CPC Theory?”
http://french.china.org.cn/english/zhuanti/3represents/68735.htm.
{6} The Epoch Times, “How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World – Chapter Eighteen: The Chinese Communist Party’s Global Ambitions (Part II).”
https://www.theepochtimes.com/chapter-eighteen-the-chinese-communist-partys-global-ambitions-part-ii_2822429.html.
{7} The Epoch Times, “Red Ballet at Kennedy Center Becomes Focus of Controversy,” October 1, 2015.
https://www.theepochtimes.com/red-ballet-at-kennedy-center-becomes-focus-of-controversy_1493710.html.
{8} VOA, “Free Trip to China Every Year and Bring the CCP’s Propaganda to the World in Return,” November 1, 2018.
https://www.voachinese.com/a/china-overseas-chinese-media-20181031/4637319.html.
{9} Wilson Center, “A Preliminary Study of PRC Political Influence and Interference Activities in American Higher Education.”
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/prc_political_influence_full_report.pdf.
{10} Inside Higher Education, “Confucius Institutes: Academic Malware and Cold Warfare,” July 26, 2018
https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2018/07/26/confucius-institutes-function-propaganda-arms-chinese-government-opinion.
{11} People’s Daily, “Main Functions (of the CCP Central Publicity Department).”
http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64114/75332/5230610.html.
{12} The China Government website, “Functions and Staffing of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism,” September 10, 2018.
http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-09/10/content_5320818.htm.
{13} People’s Daily, “Basic Information of SCIO.”
http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64114/64139/6131588.html.
{14} The Ministry of Commerce website, “Main Functions of the Ministry of Commerce.”
http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/mofcom/zhize.shtml.
{15} Xinhua, “Cultural Industry Revitalization Plan,” September 26, 2009.
http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2009-09/26/content_12114302.htm.
{16} The Hunan Province Government website, “The CCP Central Committee’s Publicity Department and the Ministry of Culture: ‘Several Opinions on Deepening Reform of State-Owned Cultural Performance Troupes,’” July 31, 2009.
http://wht.hunan.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfg/gjjfg/200907/t20090731_3845563.html.
{17} The China Government website, “The Ministry of Culture Signed Cooperation Agreement with the Bank of China,” April 25, 2009.
http://www.gov.cn:8080/gzdt/2009-04/25/content_1295747.htm.
{18} Xinhua, “The China Arts and Entertainment Group and the China Export-Import Bank Agreed for Strategic Cooperation,” November 27, 2009.
http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2009-11/27/content_12551017.htm.
{19} The China Government website, “Notice by the Ministry of Commerce and the ICBC on Implementing Strategic Cooperation in the Culture Industry,” May 7, 2010.
http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2010-06/13/content_1627384.htm.
{20} The Ministry of Finance website, “The Guiding Opinion on Financial Support Culture Industry’s Revitalization and Development,” March 19, 2010.
http://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/zhengcefabu/201004/t20100408_285177.htm.
{21} The China Government website, “Cooperation Agreement on Supporting Key Companies to Export Radio, Film, and Television,” August 26, 2010.
http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-08/26/content_1688978.htm.
{22} The GAPP Website, “The Development Plan for Press and Publication Industry in the 12th Five-Year Plan Period,” April 20, 2011.
http://www.gapp.gov.cn/news/794/76650.shtml.
{23} People’s Daily, “The Decision of the CCP Central Committee on Major Issues Pertaining to Deepening Reform of the Cultural System and Promoting the Great Development and Flourishing of Socialist Culture,” October 18, 2011.
http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64094/16018068.html.
{24} The China Government website, “The 2011-2012 Index of Key Companies and Key Projects for Culture Export,” September 21, 2012.
http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2012-09/21/content_2230304.htm.
{25} The China Government website, “Several Opinions of the State Council Pertaining to Advancing Cultural Creative Idea and Design Services Relevant Industry,” March 14, 2014.
http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-03/14/content_8713.htm.
{26} The China Government website, “Opinion of the State Council Pertaining to Accelerating the Development of Cultural Trade Overseas,” March 17, 2014.
http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-03/17/content_8717.htm.
{27} The Ministry of Finance website, “The Opinion Pertaining to Deepening Culture and Finance Cooperation,” March 17, 2014.
http://ha.mof.gov.cn/lanmudaohang/zhengcefagui/201501/t20150129_1186240.html.
{28} The China Government website, “Implementation Opinions Pertaining to Supporting the Development of Small and Micro-Cultural Enterprises,” July 11, 2014.
http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2014-07/11/content_5023765.htm.
{29} The Ministry of Finance website, “Guiding Opinions Pertaining to Promoting the Development the Cultural Industry with Unique Cultural Product,” August 8, 2014.
http://whs.mof.gov.cn/pdlb/zcfb/201408/t20140829_1133031.html.
{30} The Ministry of Commerce website, “Vision and Actions to Promote the Development of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,” January 26, 2016.
http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/dxfw/jlyd/201601/20160101243342.shtml.
{31} The National Development and Reform Commission website, “‘Belt and Road’ Cultural Development Action Plan (2016-2020).”
http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fzgggz/fzgh/ghwb/gjjgh/201707/t20170720_855005.html.
{32} The Ministry of Culture and Tourism website, “Cultural Industry Development Plan During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period,” April 20, 2017.
https://www.mct.gov.cn/whzx/ggtz/201704/t20170420_695671.htm.
{33} Xinhua, “Outline of the National Cultural Development and Reform Plan during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period,” May 7, 2017.
http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2017-05/07/c_1120931794_5.htm.

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